Criminological Theories And Theories Of Criminal Behavior - amazonia.fiocruz.br

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When caught, he weeps and tries to defend himself by claiming "It's not my fault! Look what she is wearing-she was asking for it! If these theories are correct and criminal behavior results from genetics or external factors, how does this impact the issues of free will and the justness of punishment, which form the basis of our criminal justice system? Selective incapacitation is a theory that advocates giving longer sentences to offenders when it is believed that they will commit future crimes if set free. How does research and legislation support this strategy? Why do some people criticize the practice of selective incapacitation? What other hormones can affect criminality? Criminological Theories And Theories Of Criminal Behavior

Originating in the tradition of classical sociology Durkheim, Mertonanomie theory posits how broad social conditions influence deviant behavior and crime.

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In these works, anomie, which refers to a widespread lack of commitment to shared values, standards, and rules needed to regulate the behaviors and aspirations of individuals, is an intermediate condition by which social dis organization impacts individual distress and deviant behavior. An observant of the massive social changes of 19th-century Europe, Durkheim argued that anomie resulted from rapid social change and the weakening of traditional institutions, in particular the reduced authority of such institutions in the economic sphere, as well as changes in the principles underlying social inequality.

A few decades later, the American sociologist Robert Merton re-formulated anomie theory, arguing how a particular malintegration of the culture-structure constitution of modern society produces high rates of crime. Thus having implications for research on crime rate differences between societies as well as between individuals and groups within the society, Criminological Theories And Theories Of Criminal Behavior theory has inspired a broad range of both macro- and micro-level applications and extensions. On the one hand, the theory has shaped studies of crime rates across large social units, such as countries and metropolitan areas. Such research, while often limited in terms of the types of crime that can reliably be compared across large social units, has linked crime with economic inequality, materialistic values, the institutional dominance of market-driven processes and values, and rapid social change.

An important development in this tradition is the advent of multilevel research that links societal factors with individual normlessness, strain, and criminal behavior.

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On the other hand, micro-level implications of anomie theory, often referred to as classic strain theoryhave eBhavior studies of individual and group differences in criminal behavior within societies. This type of work often studies youths, at times bringing in notions of gangs, subculture, and differential opportunities, focusing on the criminogenic effects of strain stemming from opportunity blockage and relative deprivation. Yet the work rarely examines individual normlessness as an intermediate process linking social structure and delinquency. The article concludes by noting that an increased emphasis on multilevel research may lead to an integration of the macro-level and micro-level extensions and applications of anomie theory in the future.

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