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As famine , plagues and peasant revolts swept across China in the 14th century, [6] Zhu Yuanzhang rose to command the forces that conquered China, ending the Mongol -led Yuan dynasty and forcing the Mongols to retreat to the Eurasian Steppe. Zhu claimed the Mandate of Heaven and established the Ming dynasty at the beginning of [7] and occupied the Yuan capital, Khanbaliq present-day Beijing , with his army that same year. Trusting only his family , he made his many sons powerful feudal princes along the northern marches and the Yangtze valley. This ended in failure when the Jianwen Emperor 's attempts to unseat his uncles led to the Jingnan Rebellion. The reign of the Hongwu Emperor is notable for his unprecedented political reforms. The emperor abolished the position of chancellor , [10] drastically reduced the role of court eunuchs , and adopted draconian measures to address corruption. In the s and s a series of purges were launched to eliminate his high-ranked officials and generals; tens of thousands were executed. The emperor encouraged agriculture, reduced taxes, incentivized the cultivation of new land, and established laws protecting peasants' property. He also confiscated land held by large estates and forbade private slavery. At the same time, he banned free movement in the empire and assigned hereditary occupational categories to households. Advantages And Negatives Of The Mongol Dynasty

An empire is a sovereign state consisting of several territories and peoples subject to a single ruling authority, often an emperor. States can be empires either by narrow definition through having an emperor and being named as such, or by broad definition as stated above in being an aggregated realm under the rule of a supreme authority.

An empire can be made solely of contiguous territories, such as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Russian Empireor include territories which are far remote from the Advsntages country of the empire, such as a colonial empire. Aside from the more formal usage, the word empire can also refer colloquially to a large-scale business enterprise e.

Empire is often used as a term to describe displeasure to overpowering situations. There are two main ways to establish and maintain an imperial political structure : i as a territorial empire of direct conquest and control with force or ii as a coercive, hegemonic empire of indirect conquest and control with power. The former method provides greater tribute and direct political control, yet limits further expansion because it absorbs military forces to fixed garrisons. The latter method provides less tribute and indirect control, but avails military forces for further expansion. The term, on occasion, has been applied to maritime republics or thalassocracies e. Advantages And Negatives Of The Mongol Dynasty such the Holy Roman Empire also came together by electing the emperor with votes from member realms through the Imperial election. An Advanntages is an aggregate of many separate states or territories nAd a supreme ruler or oligarchy.

An empire is a large polity which rules Nsgatives territories outside of its original borders. Definitions of what physically and politically constitute an visit web page vary. It might be a state affecting imperial policies or a particular political structure. Empires are typically formed from diverse ethnic, national, cultural, and religious components.

Doyle has defined empire as "effective control, whether formal or informal, of a subordinated society by an imperial society". Tom Nairn and Paul James define empires as polities that "extend relations of power across territorial spaces over which they have no prior Advantages And Negatives Of The Mongol Dynasty given legal sovereignty, and where, in one or more https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/blog/work-experience-programme/intoxication-and-contract-validity-of-the-case.php the domains of economics, politics, and culture, they gain some measure of extensive hegemony over those spaces for the purpose of extracting or accruing value".

The terrestrial empire's maritime analogue is the thalassocracyan empire composed of islands and coasts which are accessible to its terrestrial homeland, such as the Athenian-dominated Delian League.

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Furthermore, empires can expand by both land and sea. Stephen Howe notes that empires by land can be characterized by expansion over terrain, "extending directly outwards from the original frontier" [9] while an empire by sea can Advantages And Negatives Of The Mongol Dynasty characterized by colonial expansion and empire building "by an increasingly powerful navy".

However, sometimes an empire is only a semantic construction, such as when a ruler assumes the title of "emperor". Examples of this form of empire are the Central African Empireor the Thd Empire proclaimed in when Korea, far from gaining new territory, was on the verge of being annexed by the Empire of Japanone of the last to use the name officially. Empires originated as different types of states, although they commonly began as powerful monarchies. Ideas about empires have changed over time, ranging from public approval to universal distaste.

Empires are built out of separate units with some kind of diversity — ethnic, national, cultural, religious — and imply at least some inequality between the rulers and the ruled. Without this inequality, the system would be seen as a commonwealth.

Throughout history, the major powers of the world constantly seek to conquer other parts of the world. Imperialism is the idea of a major power controlling another nation or land with the intentions to use the native people and resources to help the mother country in any way possible. Many empires were the result of military conquest, incorporating the vanquished states into a political union, but imperial hegemony can be established in other ways.

The Empire of Brazil declared itself an empire after separating from the Portuguese Empire in France has twice transitioned from being called the French Republic to being called the French Empire while it retained an overseas empire. Europeans began applying the designation of "empire" to non-European monarchies, such as the Qing Empire and the Mughal Empireas well as the Maratha Empireeventually leading to the looser denotations applicable to any political structure meeting the criteria of "imperium".

Some monarchies styled themselves as having greater size, scope, and power than the territorial, politico-military, and economic facts support. As a consequence, some monarchs assumed the title of "emperor" or its corresponding translation, tsarempereurkaisershah etc. Empires were seen as an expanding power, administration, ideas and beliefs followed by cultural habits from place to place. Empires tend to impose their culture on the subject states to strengthen the imperial structure. This can have notable effects that outlast the empire itself, both positive and negative. Most histories of empires have been hostile, especially if the authors were promoting nationalism. Stephen Howe, although himself hostile, listed positive qualities: the guaranteed stability, Dynsaty, and legal order for their subjects.

They tried to minimize ethnic and religious antagonism inside the empire.]