1 Introduction It is important for a - amazonia.fiocruz.br

1 Introduction It is important for a - good

Stratification affects our everyday lives. Stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of people in a society. Inequality means people have unequal access to scarce and valued resources in society. These resources might be economic or political, such as health care, education, jobs, property and land ownership, housing, and ability to influence government policy. Although inequality is everywhere, there are many controversies and questions about inequality that sociologists are interested in such as where did inequality come from? Why does it continue? Do we justify inequality? 1 Introduction It is important for a

The area of Introduchion known as the history of mathematics is primarily an investigation into the origin of discoveries in mathematics and, to a lesser extent, an investigation into the mathematical methods and notation of the past. Before the modern age and the worldwide spread of knowledge, written examples of new mathematical developments have come to light only in a few locales. The most ancient mathematical texts available are from Mesopotamia and Egypt — Plimpton Babylonian c.

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All of these texts mention the so-called Pythagorean triples and so, by inference, the Pythagorean theoremseems to be the most ancient and widespread mathematical development after basic arithmetic and geometry. Chinese mathematics made early contributions, including a place value system and the first use of negative numbers.

Many Greek and Arabic texts on mathematics were translated into Latin from the 12th century onward, leading to further development of mathematics in Medieval Europe. From ancient times through the Middle Agesperiods of mathematical discovery were often followed by centuries of stagnation. Beginning in Renaissance Italy in the 15th century, new mathematical developments, interacting with new scientific discoveries, were made at an increasing pace that continues through the present day.

This includes the groundbreaking work of both Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in the development of infinitesimal calculus during the course of the 17th century. At the end of the 19th century the International Congress of Mathematicians was founded and continues to spearhead advances in the field.

The origins of mathematical thought lie in the concepts of fopatterns in naturemagnitudeand form.

Such concepts would have been part of everyday life in hunter-gatherer societies. The idea of the "number" concept evolving gradually over time is supported by the existence of languages which preserve the distinction between "one", "two", and "many", but not of numbers larger than two.

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Prehistoric artifacts discovered in Africa, dated 20, years old or more suggest early attempts to quantify time. Common interpretations are that the Ishango bone shows either a tally of the earliest known demonstration of sequences of prime numbers [12] or a six-month continue reading calendar. He also writes that "no attempt has been made to explain why a tally of something should exhibit multiples of two, prime numbers between 10 and 20, and some numbers that are almost multiples of Predynastic Egyptians of the 5th millennium BC pictorially represented geometric designs.

It has 1 Introduction It is important for a claimed that megalithic monuments in England and Scotlanddating from the 3rd millennium BC, incorporate geometric ideas such as circlesellipsesand Pythagorean triples in their design.

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Babylonian mathematics refers to any mathematics of the peoples of Mesopotamia modern Iraq from the days of the early Sumerians through the Hellenistic period almost to the dawn of Christianity. Later under the Arab EmpireMesopotamia, especially Baghdadonce again became an important center of Inrroduction for Islamic mathematics. In contrast to the sparsity of sources in Egyptian mathematicsour knowledge of Babylonian mathematics is derived from more than clay tablets unearthed since the s.

Some of these appear to be graded homework. The earliest evidence of written mathematics dates back to the ancient Sumerianswho built the earliest civilization in Mesopotamia. They developed a complex system of metrology Introudction BC. From around BC onward, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems.]