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In behavioral psychologyreinforcement is a consequence applied that will strengthen an organism's future behavior whenever that behavior is preceded by a specific antecedent stimulus. This strengthening effect may be measured as a higher frequency of behavior e.

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There are two types of reinforcement, known as positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement; positive is where by a reward is offered on expression of the wanted behaviour and negative Kye taking away an undesirable element in the persons environment whenever the desired behaviour is achieved. Rewarding stimuliwhich are associated with "wanting" and "liking" desire and pleasure, respectively and appetitive behavior, function as positive reinforcers ; [1] the converse statement is also true: positive reinforcers provide a desirable stimulus.

However, there is also negative reinforcement, which is characterized by taking away an undesirable stimulus. Changing someone's job might serve as a negative reinforcer to someone who suffers article source back problems, i. Changing from a labourers job to an office position for instance. In most cases, the term "reinforcement" refers to an enhancement of behavior, but this term is also sometimes used to denote an enhancement of memory; for example, "post-training reinforcement" refers to the provision of a stimulus such as food after a learning session in an attempt to increase the retained breadth, detail, and duration of the individual memories or overall memory just formed.

Kennedy or of the September 11,terrorist attacks.

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Reinforcement is an important part of operant or instrumental conditioning. In the behavioral sciences, the terms "positive" and "negative" refer when used in The Key to Great Sex is Communication strict technical sense to the nature of the action performed by the conditioner rather than to the responding operant's evaluation of that action and its consequence s. In turn, the strict sense of "reinforcement" refers only to reward-based conditioning; the introduction of unpleasant factors and the removal or withholding of pleasant factors are instead referred to as "punishment," which when used in its strict sense thus stands in contradistinction to "reinforcement.

This usage is at odds with some non-technical usages of the four term combinations, especially in the case The Key to Great Sex is Communication the term "negative reinforcement," which is often used to denote what technical parlance would describe as "positive punishment" in that the non-technical usage interprets "reinforcement" as subsuming A Brief of Music and reward and punishment and "negative" as referring to the responding operant's evaluation of the factor being introduced.

By contrast, technical parlance would use the term "negative reinforcement" to describe encouragement of a given behavior by creating a scenario in which an unpleasant factor is or will be present but engaging in the behavior results in either escaping from that factor or preventing its occurrence, as in Martin Seligman 's experiments involving dogs' learning processes regarding the avoidance of electric shock. Skinner was a well-known and influential researcher who articulated many of the theoretical constructs of reinforcement and behaviorism. Skinner defined reinforcers according to the change in response strength response rate rather than to more subjective criteria, such as what is pleasurable or valuable to someone.

Accordingly, activities, foods or items considered pleasant or enjoyable may not necessarily be reinforcing because they produce no increase in the response preceding them.

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Stimuli, settings, and activities only fit the definition of reinforcers if the behavior that immediately precedes the potential reinforcer increases in similar situations in the future; for example, a child who receives a cookie when he or she asks for one. If the frequency of "cookie-requesting behavior" increases, the cookie can be seen as reinforcing "cookie-requesting behavior". If however, "cookie-requesting behavior" does not increase the cookie cannot be considered reinforcing.

The sole criterion that determines if a stimulus is reinforcing is the change in probability of a behavior after administration of that potential reinforcer. Other theories may focus on go here factors such as whether the person expected a behavior to produce a given outcome, but in the behavioral theory, reinforcement is defined by an increased probability of a response. The study of reinforcement has produced an enormous body of reproducible experimental results. Reinforcement is the central concept and procedure in special educationapplied behavior analysisand the experimental analysis of behavior and is a core concept in some medical and psychopharmacology models, particularly addictiondependenceand compulsion.]