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The technological singularity —also, simply, the singularity [1] —is a hypothetical point in time The Concept of Intelligence which technological growth becomes uncontrollable and irreversible, resulting in unforeseeable changes to human civilization. The first use of the concept of a "singularity" in the technological context Intleligence John von Neumann. Good 's "intelligence explosion" model predicts that a future superintelligence will trigger a singularity. The concept and the term "singularity" were popularized by Vernor Vinge in his essay The Coming Technological Singularityin which he wrote that it would signal the end of the human era, as the new superintelligence would continue to upgrade itself and would advance technologically at an incomprehensible rate.

He wrote that he would be surprised if it occurred before or after Public figures such as Stephen Hawking and Elon Musk have expressed concern that full artificial intelligence AI could result in human extinction.

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Although technological progress has been accelerating, it has been limited by the basic intelligence of the human brain, which has not, according to Paul R. Ehrlichchanged significantly for millennia. If see more superhuman intelligence were to be invented—either through the amplification of human intelligence or through artificial intelligence—it would bring to bear greater problem-solving The Concept of Intelligence inventive skills than current humans are capable of.

Such an AI is referred to as Seed AI [14] [15] because if an AI were created with engineering capabilities that matched or surpassed those of its human creators, it would have the potential to autonomously improve its own software and hardware or design an even more capable machine.

This more capable machine could then go on to design a machine of yet greater capability. These iterations of recursive self-improvement could accelerate, potentially allowing enormous qualitative change before any upper limits imposed by the laws of physics or theoretical computation set in. It is speculated that over many iterations, such an AI would far surpass human cognitive abilities. Intelligence explosion is a possible outcome of humanity building artificial general intelligence AGI. AGI would be capable of recursive self-improvement, leading to the rapid emergence of artificial superintelligence ASIthe limits of which are unknown, shortly after The Concept of Intelligence singularity is achieved. Good speculated in that artificial general intelligence might bring about an intelligence explosion. He speculated on the effects of superhuman machines, should they ever be invented: [16].

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Let an ultraintelligent machine be defined as a machine that can far surpass all the intellectual activities of any man however clever. Thus the first ultraintelligent Intellignce is the last invention that man need ever make, provided that the machine is docile enough to tell us how to keep it under control. Good's scenario runs as follows: as computers increase in power, it becomes possible for people to build a machine that is more intelligent than humanity; this superhuman intelligence possesses greater problem-solving and inventive skills than current humans are capable of.

This superintelligent machine then designs an even more capable machine, or re-writes this web page own software to become even more intelligent; this even more capable machine then goes on to design a machine of yet greater capability, and so on. The Concept of Intelligence iterations of Inte,ligence self-improvement accelerate, allowing enormous qualitative change before any upper limits imposed by the laws of physics or theoretical computation set in.

A superintelligence, hyperintelligence, or superhuman intelligence is a hypothetical agent that possesses intelligence far surpassing that of the brightest and most gifted human minds. John von NeumannVernor Vinge and The Concept of Intelligence Kurzweil define the concept in terms of the technological creation of super intelligence.

They argue that it is difficult or impossible for present-day humans to predict what human beings' lives would be like in a post-singularity world.

The Evolving Stages of Artificial Intelligence

Technology forecasters and researchers disagree about if or when human intelligence is likely to be surpassed. Some argue that advances in artificial intelligence AI will probably result in general reasoning systems that lack human cognitive limitations. Others believe that humans will evolve or directly modify their biology so as to achieve radically greater intelligence. A number of futures studies scenarios combine elements from The Concept of Intelligence of these possibilities, suggesting that humans are likely to interface with computersor upload their minds to computersin a way that enables substantial intelligence amplification.

Some writers use "the singularity" in a broader way to refer to any radical changes in our society brought about by new technologies such as molecular nanotechnology[18] [19] [20] although Vinge and other writers specifically state that without superintelligence, such changes would not qualify as The Concept of Intelligence true singularity. A speed superintelligence describes an AI that can do everything that a human can do, where the only difference is that the machine runs faster.]