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Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs or values. People also tend to interpret ambiguous evidence as supporting their existing position. The effect is strongest for desired outcomes, for emotionally charged issues, and for deeply entrenched beliefs. Confirmation bias is a broad construct covering a number of explanations. Biased search, biased interpretation and biased memory have been invoked to explain attitude polarization when a disagreement becomes more extreme even though the different parties are exposed to the same evidencebelief perseverance when beliefs persist after the evidence for them is shown to be falsethe irrational primacy effect a greater reliance on information encountered early in a series and illusory correlation when people falsely perceive an association between two events or situations.

A series of psychological experiments in the s suggested that people are biased toward confirming their existing beliefs. Later work re-interpreted these results as a tendency to test ideas in a one-sided way, focusing on one possibility and ignoring alternatives "myside bias", an alternative name for confirmation bias.

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In certain situations, this tendency can bias people's conclusions. Explanations for the observed biases include wishful thinking and the limited human capacity to process information. Another explanation is that people show confirmation bias because source are weighing up the costs of being wrong, rather than investigating in a neutral, scientific way. However, even scientists and intelligent people can be prone to confirmation bias. Confirmation bias cannot be eliminated entirely, but it can be managed, eg, by education and training in critical thinking skills.

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Confirmation biases contribute to Natjral in personal beliefs and can maintain or strengthen beliefs in the face of contrary evidence. Poor decisions due to these biases have been found in political, organizational, financial and scientific contexts. For example, confirmation here produces systematic errors in scientific research based on inductive reasoning the gradual accumulation of supportive evidence. Similarly, a police detective may identify a suspect early in an investigation, but then may only seek confirming rather than disconfirming evidence. Confirmation bias, a phrase coined by English psychologist Peter Wason, is the tendency of people to favor information that confirms or strengthens their beliefs or values, and is difficult to dislodge once affirmed. Confirmation bias or confirmatory bias has also been termed myside bias.

Confirmation biases are effects in information processing. They differ from what is sometimes called the behavioral confirmation effectcommonly known as self-fulfilling prophecyin which a person's expectations influence their own behavior, bringing about the expected result. Some psychologists restrict the term confirmation bias to selective collection of evidence that supports what one already believes while ignoring or rejecting evidence that supports a different conclusion. Others Stereotyping Is A Natural Instinct That Humans the term more broadly to the tendency to preserve one's existing beliefs when Stsreotyping for evidence, interpreting it, or recalling it from memory.]