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State of Nature and Social Contract - consider, that

Broadly speaking, liberty is the ability to do as one pleases. In modern politics, liberty is the state of being free within society from control or oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behaviour, or political views. In this sense, the exercise of liberty is subject to capability and limited by the rights of others. Freedom is more broad in that it represents a total lack of restraint or the unrestrained ability to fulfill one's desires. For example, a person can have the freedom to murder, but not have the liberty to murder, as the latter example deprives others of their right not to be harmed. Liberty can be taken away as a form of punishment. In many countries, people can be deprived of their liberty if they are convicted of criminal acts. The word "liberty" is often used in slogans, such as " life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness " [8] or " Liberty, Equality, Fraternity ". Liberty originates from the Latin word libertas , derived from the name of the goddess Libertas , who, along with the Goddess of Liberty , usually portrays the concept, and the archaic Roman god Liber. Philosophers from earliest times have considered the question of liberty. State of Nature and Social Contract

Although Thomas Hobbes' childhood is unknown to a large extent, as is his mother's name, [10] it is known that Hobbes' father, Thomas Sr.

Hobbes' father was uneducated, according to John AubreyHobbes' biographer, and he "disesteemed learning. As result, the family was left in the care of Thomas Sr. Hobbes Jr. At university, Thomas Hobbes appears to have followed his own curriculum as he was little attracted by the scholastic learning. His son, also William, likewise became the 3rd Earl of Devonshire. Hobbes served as a tutor and secretary to both men. The 1st Earl's younger brother, Charles Cavendish, had two sons who were patrons of Hobbes.

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The elder son, William Cavendishlater 1st Duke of Newcastlewas a leading supporter of Charles I during the civil war personally financing an army for the king, having been governor to the Prince of WalesCharles James, Duke of Cornwall. Hobbes became a companion to the younger William and they both took part in a grand tour of Europe between and Hobbes was exposed to European scientific and critical methods during the tour, in contrast to the scholastic philosophy that he had learned in Oxford. His scholarly efforts at the time were aimed at a careful study of classic Greek and Latin authors, the outcome of which was, in State of Nature and Social Contract, his great translation of Thucydides ' History of the Peloponnesian War[12] the first translation of that work into English from a Greek manuscript. It has been argued that three of the discourses in the publication known as Horea Subsecivae: Observations and Discourses also represent the work of Hobbes from this period. Although he did associate with literary figures like Ben Jonson and briefly worked as Francis Bacon 's amanuensistranslating several of his Essays into Latin, [11] he did not extend his efforts into philosophy until after In Junehis employer Cavendish, then the Earl of Devonshire, died of the plagueand his widow, the countess Christiandismissed Hobbes.

Thereafter, he again found work with the Cavendish family, tutoring William Cavendish, 3rd Earl of Devonshirethe eldest son of his previous pupil. Over the next seven years, as well as tutoring, he expanded his own knowledge of philosophy, awakening in him curiosity over key philosophic debates. He visited Galileo Galilei in Florence while he was under house arrest upon condemnationinand was later a regular debater in philosophic groups in Paris, held together by Marin Mersenne. Hobbes's first area of study was an interest in the physical doctrine of motion and physical momentum.

Despite his interest in this phenomenon, he disdained experimental work as in physics. He went on to conceive the system of thought to the elaboration of which he would devote his life. State of Nature and Social Contract scheme was first to work out, in a separate treatise, a systematic doctrine of body, showing how physical phenomena were universally explicable in terms of motion, at least as motion or mechanical action was then understood.

He then singled out Man from the realm of Nature and plants. Then, in another treatise, he showed what specific bodily motions were involved in the production of the peculiar phenomena of sensation, knowledge, affections and passions whereby Man came into relation with Man. Finally, he considered, in his crowning treatise, how Men were moved to enter into society, and argued how this must be regulated if people were just click for source to fall back into "brutishness and misery". Thus he proposed to unite the separate phenomena of Body, Man, and the State.

Hobbes came back home, into a country riven with discontent, which disrupted him from the orderly execution of his philosophic plan. It was not published and only circulated as a manuscript among his acquaintances. A pirated version, however, was published about ten years later. Although it seems that much of The Elements of Law was composed before the sitting of the Natture Parliament, there are polemical pieces of the work that clearly mark the influences of the rising political crisis.

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Nevertheless, many though not all elements of Hobbes's political thought were unchanged between The Elements of Law and Leviathan, which demonstrates that the events of the English Civil War had little effect on his contractarian methodology. However, the arguments in Leviathan were modified from Contrract Elements of Law when it came to the necessity of consent in creating political obligation: Hobbes wrote in The Elements of Law that Patrimonial kingdoms were not necessarily formed by the consent of the governedwhile in Leviathan he argued that they were. This was perhaps a reflection either of Hobbes's thoughts about the engagement controversy or of his reaction to State of Nature and Social Contract published by Patriarchalistssuch as Sir Robert Filmerbetween and When in November the Long Parliament succeeded the Short, Hobbes felt that he was in disfavour due to the circulation of his treatise and fled to See more