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Our new short film offers an introduction to the history of Indigenous enslavement on land that is now the United States. Check out the Future Voters Project and join us as we work toward our goal of registering all eligible students by the time they graduate high school! The Forgotten Slavery of Our Ancestors Our new short film offers an introduction to the history of Indigenous enslavement on land that is now the United States. TT Publications. Race and Ethnicity. One teacher explains how she turned "Thanksgiving Trivia" into an opportunity to share under-taught history with her colleagues as well as her students, regardless of the time of year. Katherine Watkins. Teaching Slavery through Children's Literature, Part 2 Episode 6, Season 2 Each autumn, Thanksgiving brings a disturbing amount of inaccurate information and troubling myths into classrooms across the United States. Educators have an ethical obligation to teach accurately about Thanksgiving. Here are some online resources that can help. Religious Factors Of The First Crusade

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The Crusades are the obvious religious wars but there are many others that spring to mind: the Thirty Years War , the English Civil War three outbreaks between and and, of course, the French Wars of Religion , for example. And Europe had others. The struggles in England had much to do with this arrogation of power. Such God-given rights imbued rulers with the prerogative to start wars. Wars with religious causes are not limited to times long past: the assumption of divinity by sovereign rulers led to many wars that are not explicitly identified as religious. If you worshipped your divine ruler, as was required of you, then you had to go to war if he decreed it. It was not until , that Hirohito was forced to renounce his own divinity. There is, however, controversy over whether or not that was properly done. Few divine sovereigns have gone willingly.

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Holy Land - Ep: 1 - Crusades - BBC Documentary

This paper studies the spatial and time series patterns of religious liberty across countries and estimates its effect on measures of human flourishing.

First, while there are significant cross-country differences in religious click the following article, it has declined in the past decade across countries, particularly among countries that rank higher in economic freedom. Second, countries with greater religious liberty nonetheless exhibit greater levels of economic freedom, particularly property rights.

Third, using micro-data across over countries in the world between andincreases in religious freedom are associated with robust increases in measures of human flourishing even after controlling Religious Factors Of The First Crusade time-invariant characteristics across space and time and a wide array of time-varying country-specific factors, such as economic activity and institutional quality. Fourth, these improvements in well-being are primarily driven by Religious Factors Of The First Crusade in civil liberties, such as women empowerment and freedom of expression. Citation: Makridis CA Human flourishing and religious liberty: Evidence from over countries. This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose.

The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication. Interested researchers can replicate the study findings in their entirety by directly obtaining the data from Gallup Organization and following the protocol in the Methods section. Moreover, researchers at a handful of universities may already have free access to the data.

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Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. The United States was founded by individuals fleeing religious persecution from the Anglican church in Great Britain. Facgors there is a large source on the effects of regulation and property rights on economic and social development, there is a much smaller literature on the role of religious liberty. Descriptive evidence suggests that countries with greater religious liberty have greater levels of economic development [ 34 ]. However, whether such a relationship is causal is a challenging question because of two confounding forces that move in opposite directions.

On one hand, countries with greater religious liberty may also have better economic institutions, like property rights, that promote economic development and human flourishing [ 5 — 7 ]. On the other hand, religious affiliation is negatively associated with economic growth [ 89 ].

The primary contribution of this paper is to explore whether such a plausibly causal relationship between religious liberty and well-being exists. Fig 1 provides suggestive evidence that the answer is yes: the countries that experienced the greatest growth in religious liberty between and also experienced the greatest growth in human flourishing, which we define and investigate in the paper ahead. The figure reports the population-weighted association between the growth rate in religious liberty and the share of individuals who report that they are thriving.

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This measure of thriving is generated based on having a response of 7 or higher on Fiirst point scale about current life satisfaction and having a response of 8 or higher on a similar point scale about expected future life satisfaction in 5 years see Table 1. These declines are, perhaps Religious Factors Of The First Crusade, concentrated among countries with greater economic freedom, especially those with stronger property rights. Second, a strong positive correlation between religious liberty and economic freedom nonetheless exists in the cross-section, which is related with a large literature on the role of institutions for economic development [ 710 ]. The second part of the paper quantifies a plausibly causal effect of religious liberty on human flourishing. Using year-to-year variation in changes in the social and governmental regulation of religion between anda standard deviation sd increase in religious liberty is associated with a 0.

These improvements in human flourishing are concentrated among religious minorities. The baseline specification controls for not only country and year fixed effects, Fatcors also a wide array of demographic and country-specific time-varying factors, such as economic growth and institutional quality.

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While these controls help mitigate the concern that there are unobserved Religious Factors Of The First Crusade affecting human flourishing that are also correlated with religious liberty, they may fail to control for Tbe potential negative association Religious Factors Of The First Crusade economic growth and religious affiliation that has been suggested in prior literature. As an alternative identification strategy, I exploit plausibly exogenous historical variation in the exposure of missionaries across countries [ 11 ]. The identifying assumption is that exposure to missionaries prior to increases the probability that a country has more egalitarian norms governing religious click to see more today, but does not affect human flourishing through other channels besides religious liberty.

The resulting estimates are larger than the least squares estimates, suggesting that the baseline provides a lower bound. These results could be consistent with at least one of three different mechanisms. First, Firsf liberty could lead to an increase in well-being through its effects on democratic governance and freedom of expression since individuals are empowered to believe what they want and participate in the civics process. Second, by placing an emphasis on religious pluralism and competition among different worldview for the pursuit of truth, it could lead to greater educational attainment. Third, it could reduce the probability of entering into civil war and other forms of armed conflict.

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Using additional data on these country-specific outcomes between andthe results are primarily consistent with the first mechanism: increases in religious liberty affect well-being through its effects on democratic governance and freedom. For example, there are economically and statistically strong positive associations between religious liberty and civil liberties, Religious Factors Of The First Crusade empowerment, access to justice, and freedom of expression, as well as some negative associations with public and political corruption even after controlling for time-varying measures of economic performance and both country and year fixed effects.

These results are consistent with contributions on the complementarity of social capital and democratic institutions [ 12 — 14 ]. This paper contributes to two literatures.]