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But I was encouraged by the children who were eager to learn, so I bought in. I knew I needed to dedicate my time to figuring out this issue. Floriani learned that 2 out of 3 low-income children have no books of their own, compared to children in middle-class families that have an average of 13 age-appropriate books in the home, and that two-thirds of students who cannot read proficiently by the end of the fourth grade end up in jail or on welfare. To me, if you fix the literacy issue, you fix a lot of issues. The nonprofit provides free books for low income children in Chicagoland — serving ,plus children each year with nearly 19 million books distributed since its founding. In his current role, he cultivates strategic relationships with partners across all industries.

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Literacy is popularly understood as an ability to readwrite and use numeracy in at least one method of writing, an understanding reflected by mainstream dictionary and handbook definitions. Such expanded definitions have altered long-standing " rule of thumb " measures of literacy, e. By extension, the expansion of these necessary skill-sets became known, variously, as computer literacyinformation literacyand technological literacy. Literacy emerged Literacy And Reading the development source numeracy and computational devices as early as BCE.

Script developed independently at least five times in human history MesopotamiaEgyptthe Indus civilizationlowland Mesoamericaand China. The earliest forms of written communication originated in Sumerlocated in southern Mesopotamia about BCE. During this era, literacy was "a largely functional matter, propelled by Literacy And Reading need to manage the new quantities of information and the new type of governance created by trade and large scale production". Proto-cuneiform texts exhibit not only numerical signs, but also ideograms depicting objects being counted.

Egyptian hieroglyphs emerged from BCE and depicted royal iconography that emphasized power amongst other elites.

Chicago-based alumnus Brian Floriani is closing the literacy gap for underserved children

The Egyptian hieroglyphic writing system was the first notation system to have phonetic values. These civilizations used glyphic writing and bar-and-dot numerical notation systems for purposes related to royal iconography and calendar systems. These systematic notations were found inscribed on bones and recorded sacrifices made, tributes received, and animals hunted, which were activities of the elite. These oracle-bone inscriptions were the early ancestors of Literacy And Reading Chinese script and contained logosyllabic script and numerals. Indus script is largely pictorial and has not been deciphered yet. It may or may not include abstract signs.

It is thought that they wrote from right to left and that the script is thought to be logographic. Because it has not been deciphered, linguists disagree on whether it is a complete and independent writing system; however, it is genuinely thought to be Literacy And Reading independent writing system that emerged in the Harappa culture. According to social anthropologist Jack Goodythere are two interpretations that regard the origin of the alphabet.

Many classical scholars, such as historian Ignace Gelbcredit the Ancient Greeks for creating the first alphabetic Literacy And Reading c. But Goody contests, "The importance of Greek culture of the subsequent history of Western Europe has led to an over-emphasis, by classicists and others, on the addition of specific vowel signs to the set of consonantal ones that had been developed earlier in Western Asia".

Thus, many scholars argue that the ancient Semitic-speaking peoples of northern Canaan modern-day Syria invented the consonantal alphabet as early as BCE.

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Much of this theory's development is credited to English archeologist Flinders Petriewho, Literacy And Readingcame across a series of Canaanite inscriptions located in the turquoise mines of Serabit el-Khadem. Ten years later, English Egyptologist Alan Gardiner reasoned that these letters contain an alphabet, as well as references to the Canaanite goddess Asherah. InWilliam Anf.

Albright deciphered the text using additional evidence that had been Literact subsequent to Goody's findings. This included a series of inscriptions from Ugaritdiscovered in by French archaeologist Claude F. Some of these inscriptions were mythological texts written in an early Canaanite dialect that consisted of a letter cuneiform consonantal alphabet. Another significant discovery was made in when three arrowheads were uncovered, each containing identical Canaanite inscriptions from twelfth century BCE. According to Frank Moore CrossLiteracy And Reading inscriptions consisted of alphabetic signs that originated during the transitional development from pictographic script to a linear source. Moreover, he Literacy And Reading, "These inscriptions also provided clues to extend the decipherment of earlier and later alphabetic texts".

The consonantal system of the Canaanite script inspired alphabetical developments in subsequent systems.]