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EU chief Ursula von der Leyen was optimistic on Brexit negotiations after EU ambassadors were told a trade and security agreement with Britain is close to being finalised. A series that takes a pan-European lens to explain the challenges that transcend borders and confront our continent. All Europe news stories. Coronavirus live Coronavirus live news: German cases 'stabilising but not declining'; Madrid to seal itself from other regions for 10 days. Madrid to close borders with other regions; Germany says cases stabilising but not declining. Brexit Brexit deal close to being finalised, EU ambassadors told. Most key issues largely agreed, but there is still a danger of no deal by accident, envoys hear. Play Video. Brexit Brexit talks making better progress, says Ursula von der Leyen — video.

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Eutrophication from Greek eutrophos"well-nourished"[1] dystrophication or hypertrophicationis when a body of water becomes overly enriched with minerals and nutrients which induce excessive growth of algae. Eutrophication is often induced by the discharge of nitrate or phosphate -containing detergentsfertilizersor sewage into an aquatic system.

Lake eutrophication has become a global problem of water pollution. Chlorophyll-a, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, biological or chemical oxygen demand and secchi depth are the main indicators to evaluate lake eutrophication level. Eutrophication most commonly arises from the oversupply of nutrients, most commonly as nitrogen or phosphorus, which leads to overgrowth of plants and algae in aquatic ecosystems. After such organisms die, bacterial degradation of their biomass results in oxygen consumption, thereby creating the state of hypoxia. According to Ullmann's Encyclopedia, "the primary limiting factor for eutrophication is phosphate.

Phosphorus is a necessary nutrient for plants to live, and is the limiting factor for plant growth in many freshwater ecosystems.

Phosphate adheres tightly to soil, so it is mainly transported by erosion. Once translocated to lakes, the extraction of phosphate into water is slow, hence the difficulty of reversing the effects of eutrophication.

Cultural or anthropogenic eutrophication is the process that speeds up natural eutrophication because of human activity. Extra nutrients are also supplied by treatment plants, golf courses, fertilizers, farms including fish farmsas well as untreated sewage in many countries.

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When algae die, they decompose and the nutrients contained in that organic matter are converted into inorganic form by microorganisms. This decomposition process consumes oxygen, which reduces the concentration of dissolved oxygen. The depleted oxygen levels in turn may lead to fish kills and a range of other effects reducing biodiversity. Nutrients may become concentrated in Describe The Causes And Effects Of European anoxic zone and may only be made available again during autumn turn-over or in conditions of turbulent flow. The dead algae and the organic load carried by the water inflows in to the lake settle at its bottom and undergoes anaerobic digestion releasing greenhouse gases such as methane and CO 2. Some of the methane gas may be oxidised by anaerobic methane oxidation bacteria such as Methylococcus capsulatus which in turn may provide a food source for zooplankton. Enhanced growth of aquatic vegetation or phytoplankton and algal blooms disrupts normal functioning of the ecosystem, causing a variety of problems such as a lack of oxygen needed for fish and shellfish to survive.

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Eutrophication also decreases the value of rivers, lakes and aesthetic enjoyment. Health problems can occur where eutrophic conditions interfere with drinking water treatment. Human activities can accelerate the rate at which nutrients enter ecosystems. Runoff from agriculture and development, pollution from septic systems and sewerssewage sludge spreading, and other human-related activities increase the flow of both inorganic nutrients and organic substances into ecosystems.]