Matchless: Treatment Methods On Physical And Chemical Characteristics
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Presentation Description
Water softening is the removal of calciummagnesiumand certain other metal cations in hard Chwmical. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not wasted bonding with calcium ions. Soft water also extends the lifetime of plumbing by reducing or eliminating scale build-up in pipes and fittings. Water softening is usually achieved using lime softening or ion-exchange resins but is increasingly being accomplished using nanofiltration or reverse osmosis membranes.
The presence of certain metal ions like calcium and magnesium principally as bicarbonateschloridesand sulfates in water causes a variety of problems. Hard water leads to the buildup of limescalewhich can foul plumbingand promote galvanic corrosion.
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The slippery feeling associated with washing in soft water is caused by the weaker attraction of the soap to the water ions when the water has been stripped of its mineral content. The surface of human skin has a light charge that the soap tends to bind with, requiring more effort and a greater volume of water to remove. Hard water contains calcium or magnesium ions that form insoluble salts upon reacting with soap, leaving a coating of insoluble stearates on tub and shower surfaces, commonly called soap scum.
The most common means for removing water hardness rely on ion-exchange resin or reverse osmosis. Other approaches include precipitation methods and sequestration by the addition of chelating agents.
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Inorganic materials called zeolites also exhibit ion-exchange properties. These minerals are widely used in laundry detergents. Resins are also available to remove the carbonate, bicarbonate, and sulfate ions that are absorbed and hydroxide ions that are released from the resin.
The waste waters eluted from Cbemical ion-exchange column containing the unwanted calcium and magnesium salts are typically discharged to the sewage system. Lime softening is the process in which https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/blog/woman-in-black-character-quotes/the-and-tenets-of-life-course-criminology.php is added to hard water to make it softer.
It has several advantages over the ion-exchange method but is mainly suited to commercial treatment applications.]
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