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Of the many things we take for granted about our modern lives — hot showers, supermarkets, video streaming services — perhaps none has had as much impact on our longevity as vaccines.

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Back at the turn of the 20th century, the average life expectancy of an Australian baby boy was about About one in 10 children died before their first birthday, many from diseases that History and Eradication of Smallpox now controlled with vaccination. Now, as a virus spreads around the globe that we have no existing immunity to, we've been forced to return to the same methods of reducing disease transmission — social distancing and masks — used more than years ago. And, just like in generations gone by, now we're hoping for a vaccine to help will bring us out of the pandemic we're living through.

So what did some of the previous vaccination campaigns look like in Australia? And what can we learn from them for how a COVID vaccine might be rolled out here, if or when one proves safe and effective? The first vaccines as we know them today were for smallpox, a path famously forged by Edward Jenner in the s. In fact, the word vaccine comes from the Latin word for cow, vacca, History and Eradication of Smallpox the earliest version of the inoculation was made with the cowpox, or vaccinia, virus.

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Smallpox was probably responsible for the first pandemic in Australia, or at least the first after the British came. It ripped through Aboriginal populations, almost wiping out the Gadigal people in the Sydney area. But byvaccination against smallpox began in Australia and the vaccine was produced here from A plague vaccine also helped fight an outbreak in Sydney around the turn of the century, and typhoid vaccine was produced locally around the same time.

We think about the flu pandemic as being a pandemic without a vaccine. But, at the time, multiple groups around the world tried to make a vaccine, including some in Australia.

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Millions of doses of this vaccine were made within just a couple of months, and the demand for it was huge — a quarter of the Histiry of New South Wales at https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/blog/woman-in-black-character-quotes/how-sheryl-has-created-and-ethical-dilemma.php time lined up to get it voluntarily. This was before the time of the huge — and hugely important — clinical trials we have today.

Vaccination wasn't always taken up readily and it wasn't always safe, either. In12 children in the south-east Queensland town of Bundaberg died after receiving contaminated diptheria vaccines.

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The last global mass vaccination campaign was for smallpox, says epidemiologist Raina MacIntyre, speaking earlier this month as part of the Kirby Institute's Seminar Series. The World Health Organization launched History and Eradication of Smallpox eradication campaign inand the world was officially declared smallpox-free at the 33rd World Health Assembly on May 8, However, we never used mass vaccination for the disease in Australia, Professor MacIntyre Student Centered. This could be because in part smallpox was never widespread in Australia, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Given it's very likely that initially we'll have a limited supply of any coronavirus vaccine, we've got to think about how we're going to use it.

We could use a strategy developed to eradicate smallpox. In India, which was one of the last strongholds of the disease, the mass vaccination program was failing because they couldn't get everybody vaccinated.]