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Libertarianism from French : libertaire"libertarian"; from Latin : libertas"freedom" is a political philosophy and movement that upholds liberty as a core principle. Various schools of libertarian thought offer a range of views regarding the legitimate functions of state and private poweroften calling for the restriction Tbe dissolution of coercive social institutions.

Different categorizations have been used to distinguish various forms of libertarianism. Left-libertarian [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] ideologies include anarchist schools of thoughtalongside many other anti-paternalist, New Left schools of thought centered around economic egalitarianism as well as geolibertarianismgreen politicsmarket-oriented left-libertarianism and the Steiner—Vallentyne school. The first recorded use of the term libertarian was inwhen William Belsham wrote about libertarianism in the context of metaphysics. Libertarianism has frequently been used to refer to anarchism and libertarian socialism since this time.

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In the United States, libertarian was popularized by the individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker around the late s and early s. Russell justified the choice of the term as follows:. Many of us call ourselves "liberals. But the leftists have now corrupted that once-proud term to identify themselves and their program of more government ownership of property and more controls over persons. As a result, those of us who believe in freedom must explain that when we call ourselves liberals, we mean liberals in the uncorrupted classical sense.

At best, source is awkward and subject to misunderstanding.

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Here is a suggestion: Let those of us who love liberty trade-mark and reserve for our own use the good and honorable word "libertarian. Subsequently, a growing number of Americans with classical liberal beliefs began to describe themselves as libertarians.

One person responsible for popularizing the term libertarian in this sense was Murray Rothbardwho started publishing libertarian works in the s. Liberl now we had taken it over". In the s, Robert Nozick was responsible for popularizing this usage of the term in academic and philosophical circles outside the United States, [23] [49] [50] especially with the publication of Anarchy, State, and Utopiaa response to social liberal Click here Rawls 's A Theory of Justice According to common meanings of conservative and liberallibertarianism in the United States has been described as conservative on economic The Tension Between Liberal Personal Freedoms And economic liberalism and fiscal conservatism and liberal on personal freedom civil Libetal and cultural liberalism.

Although libertarianism originated as a form of left-wing politics[21] [56] the development in the midth century of modern The Tension Between Liberal Personal Freedoms And in the United States led several authors and political scientists to use two or more categorizations [3] [4] to distinguish libertarian views on the nature of property and capital, usually along left—right or socialist—capitalist lines, [5] Unlike right-libertarians, who reject the label due to its association with conservatism and right-wing politicscalling themselves simply libertariansproponents of free-market anti-capitalism in the United States consciously label themselves as left-libertarians and see themselves as being part of a broad libertarian left. While the term libertarian has been largely synonymous with anarchism as part of Betwden left, [9] [57] continuing The Social Economic And Social Effects as part of the libertarian left in opposition to the moderate left such as social democracy or authoritarian and statist socialism, its meaning has more recently diluted with wider adoption from ideologically disparate groups, [9] including the right.

Additionally, some libertarians use the term libertarian socialist to avoid anarchism's negative connotations and emphasize its connections with socialism. The revival of free-market ideologies during Beteen mid- to late 20th century came with disagreement over what to call the movement.

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While many of its adherents prefer the term libertarianmany conservative libertarians reject the term's association with the s New Left and its connotations of libertine hedonism. While both historical libertarianism and The Tension Between Liberal Personal Freedoms And economic libertarianism share general antipathy towards power by government authority, the latter exempts power wielded through free-market capitalism. Historically, libertarians including Herbert Spencer and Max Stirner supported the protection of an individual's freedom from powers of government and private ownership.

According to modern American libertarian Walter Blockleft-libertarians and right-libertarians agree with certain libertarian premises, but "where [they] differ is in terms of the logical implications of these founding axioms". Long [76] and Sheldon Richman [77] have written about libertarianism's left wing opposition to authoritarian rule and argued that libertarianism is fundamentally a left-wing position. All libertarians begin with a conception of personal autonomy from which they argue in favor of civil liberties and a reduction or elimination of the state. As a result, some political scientists and writers classify the forms of libertarianism into two or more groups [3] [4] to distinguish libertarian views on the nature of property and capital. Left-libertarianism [15] [16] [18] encompasses those libertarian beliefs that claim the Earth's natural resources belong to everyone in an egalitarian manner, either unowned or owned collectively.

Right-libertarianism [15] [18] [22] [23] developed in the United States in the midth century from the works of European writers like John LockeFriedrich Hayek and Ludwig Von Mises and is the most popular conception of libertarianism in the United States today.

Libertarian paternalism [84] is a position advocated in the international bestseller Nudge by two American scholars, namely the economist Richard Thaler and the jurist Cass Sunstein. The designation of joining a pension plan as the default option is an example of a nudge.

It is difficult to argue that anyone's freedom is diminished by being automatically enrolled in the plan, when they merely have Persobal The Tension Between Liberal Personal Freedoms And a box to opt out". Neo-libertarianism combines "the libertarian's moral commitment to negative liberty with a procedure that selects principles for restricting liberty on the basis of a unanimous agreement in which everyone's particular interests receive a fair hearing". Sterba observed that libertarianism advocates for a government that does no more than protection against force, fraud, theft, enforcement of contracts and other negative liberties as contrasted with positive liberties by Isaiah Berlin.

Sterba held that it is "obviously impossible go here everyone in society to be guaranteed complete liberty as defined by this ideal: after all, people's actual wants as well as their conceivable wants can come into serious conflict.]