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Early advocates of eugenics in the 19th century regarded it as a way of improving groups of people. In contemporary usage, the term eugenics is closely associated with scientific racism and white supremacy. While eugenic principles have been practiced as early as ancient Greece , the contemporary history of eugenics began in the early 20th century, when a popular eugenics movement emerged in the United Kingdom , [6] and then spread to many countries, including the United States , Canada, [7] and most European countries. In this period, people from across the political spectrum espoused eugenic ideas. Consequently, many countries adopted eugenic policies, intended to improve the quality of their populations' genetic stock. Such programs included both positive measures, such as encouraging individuals deemed particularly "fit" to reproduce, and negative measures, such as marriage prohibitions and forced sterilization of people deemed unfit for reproduction. Those deemed "unfit to reproduce" often included people with mental or physical disabilities , people who scored in the low ranges on different IQ tests , criminals and "deviants", and members of disfavored minority groups. The eugenics movement became associated with Nazi Germany and the Holocaust when the defense of many of the defendants at the Nuremberg trials of to attempted to justify their human-rights abuses by claiming there was little difference between the Nazi eugenics programs and the U. Since the s and s, with new assisted reproductive technology procedures available, such as gestational surrogacy available since , preimplantation genetic diagnosis available since , and cytoplasmic transfer first performed in , concern has grown about the possible revival of a more potent form of eugenics after decades of promoting human rights. A criticism of eugenics policies is that, regardless of whether negative or positive policies are used, they are susceptible to abuse because the genetic selection criteria are determined by whichever group has political power at the time.

Download Reconciling Our Case Leadership In Search of Bases for Ethics The Berkeley Tanner Lectures pdf books In the first lecture he explores the role of intuitions in moral thinking and offers a way of thinking about the intuitive method of aim inquiry that both places this activity within the natural world and makes sense of it as an indispensable part of our lives as planners.

In the second and third lectures he takes up the kind of substantive ethical inquiry he has described in the first lecture, asking how we might live together on terms that none of us could reasonably reject.

Since working at cross purposes loses fruits that might stem from cooperation, he argues, any consistent ethos that meets this test would be, in a crucial way, utilitarian. It would reconcile our individual aims nivel establish, in Kant's phrase, a "kingdom of ends. Kamm Harvard Universityand Gibbard's responses.]