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They were among the major states of Italy from roughly the 8th century until the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia successfully unified the Italian Peninsula by conquest in a campaign virtually concluded in and definitively in These holdings were considered to be a manifestation of the temporal power of the popeas opposed to his ecclesiastical primacy. Bymuch of the Papal States' territory had been conquered by the Kingdom of Italy. Only Lazio, including Rome, remained under the pope's temporal control. Inthe pope lost Lazio and Rome and had no physical territory at all, except the Basilica of St Peter and the papal residence and related buildings around the Vatican quarter of Rome, which the new Italian state did not occupy militarily, despite annexation of Lazio.

In the Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolinithe head of the Italian government, ended the " Prisoner in the Vatican " problem involving unified Italy and the Holy See by negotiating the Lateran Treatysigned by the two parties. This recognized the sovereignty of the Holy See over a newly created international territorial entity, a city state within Rome limited to a token territory which became the Vatican City.

The Papal States were also known as the Papal State although the plural is usually preferred, the singular is equally correct as the polity was more than a mere personal union.

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For its first years, the Catholic Church was persecuted and unrecognized, unable to hold or transfer property. Nonetheless, the properties held nominally or actually by individual members of the Roman churches would usually be Rome The Capital City Of Italy as a common patrimony handed over successively to the legitimate "heir" of that property, often its senior deaconswho were, in turn, assistants to the local bishop. This common patrimony attached to the churches at Rome and thus, under its ruling bishop, became quite considerable, including as it did not only houses etc. This system began to change during the see more of the Emperor Constantine Iwho made Christianity legal within the Roman Empire, and restored to it any properties that had been confiscated; in the larger cities of the empire this would have been quite considerable, and the Roman patrimony not least among them.

Origins of Rome

Other donations followed, primarily in mainland Italy but also in the provinces of the Roman Empire. However, the Church held all of these lands as a private landowner, not as a sovereign entity.

When in the 5th century the Italian peninsula passed under the control of Odoacer and, later, the Ostrogothsthe Church organization in Italy, with the pope at its head, submitted of necessity to their sovereign authority while asserting its spiritual primacy over the whole Church. The seeds of the Papal States as a sovereign political entity were planted in the 6th century. Beginning inthe Byzantine Empireunder Emperor Justinian Ilaunched a reconquest of Italy that took decades and devastated Italy's political and economic structures.

Just as these wars wound down, the Lombards entered the peninsula from the north and conquered much of the countryside. By the 7th century, Rome The Capital City Of Italy authority was largely limited to a diagonal band running roughly from Ravennawhere the emperor's representative, or Exarchwas located, to Rome and south to Naples the "Rome-Ravenna corridor" [7] [8] [9]plus coastal exclaves.]