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How Culture Drives Behaviours - Julien S. Bourrelle - TEDxTrondheim

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The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states , with their own parliaments, judiciaries, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union. James succeeded to the Scottish throne at the age of thirteen months, after his mother was compelled to abdicate in his favour. Four different regents governed during his minority, which ended officially in , though he did not gain full control of his government until In , he succeeded the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, Elizabeth I , who died childless. He continued to reign in all three kingdoms for 22 years, a period known after him as the Jacobean era , until his death. After the Union of the Crowns, he based himself in England the largest of the three realms from , returning to Scotland only once, in , and styled himself " King of Great Britain and Ireland ". He was a major advocate of a single parliament for England and Scotland. In his reign, the Plantation of Ulster and British colonisation of the Americas began. At 57 years and days, James's reign in Scotland was the longest of any Scottish monarch. He achieved most of his aims in Scotland but faced great difficulties in England, including the Gunpowder Plot in and repeated conflicts with the English Parliament.

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In sociolinguisticsprestige is the level of regard normally accorded a specific language or dialect within a speech communityrelative to other languages or dialects. Prestige varieties are language or dialect families which are generally considered by a society to be the most "correct" or otherwise superior. In many cases, they are the standard form of the language, though there are exceptions, particularly in situations of covert prestige where a non-standard dialect is highly valued.

In addition to dialects and languages, prestige is also applied to smaller linguistic features, such as the pronunciation or usage of words or grammatical constructswhich may not be pronounced enough to constitute a separate dialect. The presence of prestige dialects is a result of the relationship between the prestige of a group of people and the language that they use. Generally, the language or Hermans that is regarded as more Margaret Hermanns Explaining Foreign Policy Behaviour Using in that community is the one used by the more prestigious group. Social class has a correlation with what language is considered more prestigious, and studies in different communities have shown that sometimes members of a lower social class attempt to emulate the language of individuals in higher social classes to avoid how their distinct language would otherwise construct their identity.

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The relationship between language and identity construction as a result of prestige influences here language used by different genders and races.

The result of language contact depends on the power relationship between the interacting languages. The prevailing view among contemporary linguists is that Behqviour of perceptions that a dialect or language is "better" or "worse" than its counterparts, when dialects and languages are assessed "on purely linguistic grounds, all languages—and all dialects—have equal merit". Additionally, which varieties, registers or features will be considered more prestigious depends on audience and context.

Overt prestige is related to standard and "formal" language features, and expresses power and status; covert prestige is related more to vernacular and often patoisand expresses solidarity, community and group identity more than authority. Prestige varieties are those that are regarded mostly highly within a society.

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As such, the standard language, the form promoted by authorities - usually governmental or from those in power - and considered "correct" or otherwise superior, is often the prestige variety. However, there are many exceptions to this rule, such as Arabicin which Egyptian Arabic is widely used in mass media aimed at international audiences, while Literary Arabic also known as Standard Arabic is a more prestigious form. The notion of a "standard" language in a speech community Ragtime related to Behaviur prestige of the languages spoken in the community.

In general, "greater prestige tends to be attached to the notion of the standard, since it can function in higher domains, and has a written form.

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In countries like the United Stateswhere citizens speak many different languages and come from a Behavviour of national and ethnic groupsthere is a " folk linguistic " belief that the most prestigious dialect is the single standard dialect of English that all people should speak.

These rules do not contain a hierarchy, thus, certain varieties - linguistically - are not placed above another. The terms and conditions of prestige assigned to a language variety are subject to change depending on speaker, situation and context. A dialect or variety which is considered prestigious in one context, will not carry the same status in another. Covert prestige refers to relatively high value placed on a non-standard form of language.]