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Download for Chrome. Photo manipulation involves transforming or altering a photograph using various methods and techniques to achieve desired results. Some photo manipulations are considered skillful artwork while others are frowned upon as unethical practices, especially when used to deceive the public. Other examples include being used for political propagandaor to make a product or person look better, or simply for entertainment purposes or harmless pranks.

Depending on the application and intent, some photo manipulations are considered an art form because it involves the creation of unique images and in some instances, signature expressions of art by photographic artists. For example, Ansel Adams employed some of the more Manipulating The Masses How Propaganda Strengthened Nazism manipulations using darkroom exposure techniquesburning darkening and dodging lightening a photograph. There are a number of software applications available for digital image manipulation, ranging from professional applications to very basic imaging software for casual users.

Photo manipulation dates back to some of the earliest photographs captured on glass and tin plates during the 19th century. Some darkroom manipulations involved techniques such as bleaching to artfully lighten or totally wash-out parts of the photograph, or hand coloring for aesthetic purposes or to mimic a fine art painting. In the early 19th century, photography and the technology that made it possible were rather crude and cumbersome.

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While the equipment and technology progressed over time, it was not until the late 20th century that photography evolved into the digital realm. At the onset, digital photography was considered by some to be a radical new approach and was initially rejected by photographers because of its substandard quality. An early example of tampering was in the early s, when a photo was altered using the body from a portrait of John C. Calhoun and the head of Lincoln from a famous seated portrait by Mathew Brady — the same portrait which was the basis for the original Lincoln five-dollar bill. Grant posing horseback in front of his troops at City Point, Virginia.

For example, Grant's Manipulating The Masses How Propaganda Strengthened Nazism is set at a strange angle to his body, his uniform is of a different time period, and his favorite horse Cincinnati did not have a left hind sock like the horse in the photograph, although his other horse Egypt did have a sock but on a different foot.

With further research, three different photographs were discovered that explained the composite using Grant's head from one photograph, the body of Major General Alexander McDowell McCook atop his horse from another photograph, and for the background, a photograph of Confederate prisoners captured at the Battle of Fisher's Hill. After this picture, she became more aware of how she https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/blog/gregorys-punctuation-checker-tool/drug-abuse-act-of-marijuana-use.php in pictures and made sure to look a certain way.

Photo manipulation has been used to deceive or persuade viewers or improve storytelling and self-expression. As early as the American Civil War, photographs were published as engravings based on more than one negative.

This photo credits itself as the first manipulated photo. Joseph Stalin made use of photo retouching for propaganda purposes.

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Stalin had Trotsky retouched [ when? The pioneer among journalists distorting photographic images for news value was Bernarr Macfadden : in the mids, his " composograph " process involved reenacting real news events with costumed body doubles and then photographing the dramatized scenes—then pasting faces of the real news-personalities gathered from unrelated photos onto his staged images.

In the s, artist John Heartfield used a type of photo manipulation known as the photomontage to critique Nazi propaganda. Some ethical theories have been applied to image manipulation. During a panel on the topic of ethics in image manipulation [18] Aude Oliva theorized that categorical shifts are necessary in order for an edited image to be viewed as a manipulation. In Image Act Theory[19] Carson Reynolds extended speech act theory by applying it to photo editing and image manipulations.

Mitchell details the long history of photo manipulation and discusses it critically. A notable incident of controversial photo manipulation occurred over a photograph that was altered to fit the vertical orientation of a National Geographic magazine cover.

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The altered image made two Egyptian pyramids appear closer together than they actually were in the original photograph. Shortly after the incident, Tom Kennedy, director of photography for National Geographic stated, "We no longer use that technology to manipulate elements in a photo simply to achieve a more compelling graphic effect. There are other incidents of questionable photo manipulation in journalism. One such incident arose in early after Martha Stewart was released from prison.]