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Marbury v. Madison5 U. Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review in the United States, meaning that American courts have the power to strike down laws, statutes, and some government actions that they find to violate the Constitution of the United States. Decided inMarbury remains the single most important decision in American constitutional law. Constitution is actual law, not just a statement of political principles and ideals, and helped define the boundary between the constitutionally separate executive and judicial branches of the federal government. The case originated from an incident that occurred in early as part of the political and ideological rivalry between outgoing President John Adamswho espoused the pro-business and pro-national government ideals of Alexander Hamilton and the Federalist Partyand incoming President Thomas Jeffersonwho favored agriculture and decentralization and led the Democratic-Republican Party.

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Senate quickly confirmed Adams's appointments, but upon Adams' departure and Jefferson's inauguration a few of the new judges' commissions still had not been delivered. In lateafter Madison had repeatedly refused to deliver his commission, Marbury filed a lawsuit in the Supreme Court asking the Court to issue a writ of mandamus forcing Madison to deliver his commission. In an opinion written by Chief Justice John Marshallthe Court held firstly that Madison's refusal to deliver Marbury's commission was illegal, and secondly that it was normally proper for a court in such situations to order the government official in question to deliver the commission. Examining the section of the law Congress had passed that gave the Supreme Court jurisdiction over types of cases like Marbury's, Marshall found that it had expanded James Madison s View On The President definition of the Supreme Court's jurisdiction beyond what was originally set down in the U.

In the fiercely contested U. American public opinion had gradually turned against the Federalists in the months prior to the election, mainly due to their use of the controversial Alien and Sedition Actsas well as growing tensions with Great Britainwith whom the Federalists favored close ties.

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As the results of the election became clear in earlyAdams and the Federalists became determined to exercise their influence in the weeks remaining before Jefferson took office, and did all they could to fill federal offices with "anti-Jeffersonians" who were loyal to the Federalists. These last-minute nominees—whom Jefferson's supporters derisively referred to as the " Midnight Judges " [13] —included William Marburya prosperous businessman from Maryland. An ardent Federalist, Marbury was active in Maryland politics and had been a vigorous supporter of the Adams presidency. The following day, March 3, the Senate approved Adams's nominations en masse.

The appointees' commissions were immediately written out, then signed by Adams and sealed by his Secretary of StateJohn MarshallMadisoh had been named the new Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in January but continued also serving as Secretary of State for the remainder of Adams's term. As soon as he was able, Jefferson instructed his new Secretary of State, James Madisonto withhold the undelivered appointments.

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Over the next several months, Madison continually refused to deliver Marbury's commission to him. Finally, in DecemberMarbury filed suit against Madison in the U. Supreme Courtasking the Court to issue a writ of mandamus forcing Madison to deliver his commission. The case was not decided until February because, in retaliation for Adams's appointment of the "Midnight Judges", Jefferson and the new Democratic-Republican Congressmen successfully passed a bill that canceled the Supreme Court's term, and so all pending cases—including Marbury v.

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Madison —were not decided until On February 24,source Court rendered a unanimous 4—0 decision against Marbury. Due to illnesses, Justices William Cushing and Alfred Moore did not sit for oral argument or participate in the Court's decision. Marshall structured the Court's opinion around a series of three questions that Marshall answered in turn:.]