Explaining Aggression - amazonia.fiocruz.br

Zur Naturgeschichte der Aggression"So-called Evil: on the natural history of aggression" is Explaining Aggression book by the ethologist Konrad Lorenz ; it was translated into English in Agyression The book was reviewed source times, both positively and negatively, by biologists, anthropologists, Explaining Aggression and others. Much criticism was directed at Lorenz's extension of his findings on non-human animals to humans. On Aggression was first published in German inand in English in It has been reprinted many times and translated into at least 12 languages.

According to Lorenz, animals, particularly males, are biologically programmed to fight over resources.

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This behavior must be considered part of natural Explaining Aggressionas aggression leading to death or serious injury may eventually lead to extinction unless it has such a role. However, Lorenz does not state that aggressive behaviors are in any way more powerful, prevalent, or intense than more peaceful behaviors such as mating rituals.

Rather, he negates the categorization of aggression as "contrary" to "positive" instincts like Explainlngdepicting it as a founding basis Explaining Aggression other instincts and its role in animal communication.

Additionally, Lorenz addresses behavior in humans, including discussion of a " hydraulic click model of emotional or instinctive pressures and their release, shared by Freud 's psychoanalytic theoryand the abnormality of Explaining Aggression violence and killing.

Lorenz claimed Explaining Aggression "present-day civilized man suffers from insufficient Explaining Aggression of his aggressive drive" and suggested that low levels of aggressive behaviour prevented higher level responses resulting from "damming" them. In the book, Lorenz describes the development of rituals among aggressive behaviors as beginning with a totally utilitarian action, but then evolving to more and more stylized actions, until finally, the action performed may be entirely symbolic and non-utilitarian, now fulfilling a function of communication. In Lorenz's words:.

Thus while the message of inciting [a particular aggressive behavior performed by the female of cooperating mated pairs] in ruddy shelduck and Egyptian geese could be expressed in the words 'Drive him off, thrash him! I rely on you. Fischer, reviewing On Aggression in American Anthropologist incalled https://amazonia.fiocruz.br/scdp/blog/story-in-italian/final-case-2-intel-memo.php a "fascinating book by a distinguished animal ethologist" that would "annoy most social and cultural anthropologists" but nonetheless stated "an important thesis", namely that intraspecific aggression was "instinctive in man, as it can be shown to be in a number of other species.

Fischer argued that Lorenz's view of the instinctive nature of human aggression was "basically right", Explaining Aggression that "Lorenz would probably cite the fury of his critics as further proof of the correctness of his thesis". Edmund R. The mental health researcher Peter M. He commented that those against the book, especially S. Barnett, T. Schneirlaand Solly Zuckermanwere specialists in animal behaviour, while most of the favourable reviews came from "experts in other fields".

Driver stated that Lorenz had provided a "powerful thesis" to explain Explaining Aggression "aggression gone wrong" in humans, mentioning the millions of deaths in world wars, aggression resembling Driver argued the unlimited interspecific attack of a predator on its prey rather than the kind of intraspecific aggression seen in nonhuman animals which is strictly limited. Driver concluded that ethology could contribute, alongside neurophysiology and psychologyto resolving the problem of conflict.

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The zoologists Richard D. Alexander and Donald W. Tinkle, comparing On Aggression with Ardrey's The Territorial Imperative in BioScience innoted that few books had been reviewed so often "or with as much vehemence in both defense and derogation" as these two. They call On Aggression Explaining Aggression personal commentary from a professional zoologist where Ardrey's book is a well-documented book by a non-biologist. Both, in their view, tend "to rekindle old, pointless arguments of the instinct vs. Explaining Aggression points out that "self-propelling aggressiveness" is seen in people with brain disease, but not in "normal brain functioning". The biologist E. He lists a variety of aggression categories, each separately subject to natural selectionand states that aggressive behavior visit web page, genetically, one of the most labile of all traits.

He maintains that aggression is a technique used to gain control over necessary resources, and serves as a " density-dependent factor" in population control.

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He argues against the "drive-discharge" model created by Freud and Lorenz, where substitute aggressive activities such as combative sports should reduce the potential for war, and in support of Richard G. Sipes's "culture-pattern" model, where war and substitute activities will vary directly.

Wilson compares aggression to "a preexisting mix of chemicals ready to be transformed by specific catalysts that are added," rather than "a fluid that continuously builds pressure against the walls of its containers.]