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500 Years of European ColonialismColonialism is the policy of a country seeking to extend or retain its authority over other people or territories, [1] generally with the aim of economic dominance. The foreign administrators rule the territory in pursuit of their interests, seeking to benefit from the colonised region's people and resources. Colonialism is strongly associated with the European colonial period starting with the 15th century when some European states established colonising empires.
At first, European colonising countries followed policies of mercantilismaiming to strengthen the home-country economy, so agreements usually restricted the colonies to trading only with the metropole mother country. By the midth century, however, the British Anc gave up mercantilism and trade restrictions and adopted the principle of free tradewith few restrictions or tariffs. Christian missionaries were active in practically all of the European-controlled colonies because the metropoles were Christian.
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In the aftermath of World War II colonial powers were forced to retreat between —, when nearly all colonies gained independenceentering into changed colonial, so-called postcolonial and neocolonialist relations. Postcolonialism and neocolonialism has continued or shifted relations and ideologies of colonialism, justifying its continuation with concepts such as development and new frontiersas in exploring outer space for colonization. Collins English Dictionary defines colonialism as "the policy and practice Conquest And The Start Of Colonialism a power in extending control over weaker peoples or areas". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy uses the term "to describe the process of European settlement and political control over the rest of the world, including the Americas, Australia, and parts of Africa and Asia".
It discusses the distinction between colonialism, imperialism and conquest and states that "[t]he difficulty of defining colonialism stems from the fact that the term is often used as a synonym for imperialism. Both colonialism and imperialism were forms of conquest that were expected to benefit Europe economically and strategically," and continues "given the Conquest And The Start Of Colonialism of consistently distinguishing between the two terms, this entry will use colonialism broadly to refer to the project of European political domination from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries that ended with the national liberation movements of the s". Colonialism is a relationship between an indigenous or forcibly imported majority and a minority of foreign invaders. The fundamental decisions affecting the lives of the colonised people are made and implemented by the colonial rulers in pursuit of interests that are often defined in a distant metropolis.
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Rejecting cultural compromises with the colonised population, the colonisers are convinced of their own superiority and their ordained mandate to rule. Historians often distinguish between various overlapping forms of colonialism, which are classified [ by whom? As colonialism often played out in pre-populated areas, sociocultural evolution included the formation of various ethnically hybrid populations. Colonialism gave rise to culturally and ethnically mixed populations such as the mestizos of the Americas, as well as racially divided populations such as those found in Conquest And The Start Of Colonialism Algeria or in Southern Rhodesia. In fact, everywhere where colonial powers established a consistent and continued presence, hybrid communities existed.
In the Dutch East Indies later Indonesia the vast majority of "Dutch" settlers were in fact Eurasians known as Indo-Europeansformally belonging to the European legal class in the colony see Shart Indos in pre-colonial history and Indos in colonial history.
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Ibrahim MuteferrikaRational basis for the Politics of Nations [20]. Activity that could be called colonialism has a long history starting with the EgyptiansPhoeniciansGreeks and Romans who all built colonies in antiquity. Phoenicia was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean from BC to BC and later the Greeks and Persians continued on this line of setting up colonies. In the 9th century a new wave of Mediterranean colonisation had begun between competing states such as the VenetiansGenovese and Amalfiansinvading the wealthy previously Byzantine or Eastern Roman islands and lands.
Venice began with the conquest Cinquest Dalmatia and reached its greatest nominal extent at the conclusion of the Fourth Crusade inwith the declaration of the acquisition of three octaves of the Byzantine Empire. Spain initially the Crown of Castile and soon later Portugal encountered the Americas through sea travel and built trading posts or conquered large extensions of land. For some people, it is this building of colonies across oceans that differentiates colonialism from other types of expansionism. These new lands were divided between the Spanish Empire and Portuguese Empire.
The 17th century saw the creation of the French colonial empire and the Dutch Empireas well as the English overseas possessionswhich later became the British Empire. It also saw the establishment of a Danish colonial empire and some Swedish overseas colonies.]
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